Impact of Environmental Pollution on the Right to Life in India

Abstract

Environmental pollution has emerged as one of the most serious threats to human health and dignity in contemporary India, directly affecting the fundamental Right to Life guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution of India. Rapid industrialization, urbanization, population growth, and unregulated exploitation of natural resources have led to alarming levels of air, water, soil, and noise pollution, thereby endangering the physical and mental well-being of citizens. This study examines the impact of environmental pollution on the right to life by analysing constitutional provisions, judicial interpretations, statutory frameworks, and environmental policies in India. The paper adopts a doctrinal and analytical research approach, relying on constitutional mandates, landmark judgments of the Supreme Court and High Courts, and relevant environmental legislation such as the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, and Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. Judicial activism has played a pivotal role in expanding the scope of Article 21 to include the right to a clean and healthy environment, safe drinking water, and pollution-free air. Despite progressive legal developments, enforcement challenges, regulatory failures, and socio-economic disparities continue to undermine effective environmental protection. The study highlights the direct linkage between environmental degradation and violations of the right to life, particularly affecting vulnerable communities. It concludes by emphasizing the need for stronger enforcement mechanisms, sustainable development practices, public awareness, and collective responsibility to ensure environmental justice and safeguard the right to life for present and future generations.