A Review on Geographical distribution of Aedes mosquito species in India

Abstract

The majority of arboviral infections in the modern age are transmitted by the Aedes mosquito, the most common mosquito genus. Changes in precipitation and temperature are driving the fast spread of breeding grounds for Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, which is a big health risk on a global scale. Using bioclimatic characteristics, this review study projected the geographical expansion of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in India. The goal of collecting 19 bioclimatic variables and 583 Aedes occurrences' reference coordinates at a scale of about 1 km was to train Species Distribution Models (SDMs) for every species.The basic distributions of climatic niches for the species were predicted using maximum entropy modelling.Global climate models for 2021–2040 and 2081-2100 were used independently to estimate future events. The models have a respectable level of performance (AUC > 0.77).Higher annual mean temperatures and lower diurnal temperatures were ideal for both species, and their suitability increased with precipitation. Compared to Ae. albopictus, Ae. aegypti was expected to have a wider range in the present and the future. Diseases caused by these viruses include yellow fever, dengue fever, chikungunya, Zika, and Mayaro. Dengue and chikungunya are believed to be transmitted in India by mosquitoes of the Aedes species. Dengue fever and chikungunya are two of the country's most serious public health issues. Dengue fever has plagued southern Indian states since 1991, posing a public health concern and hardship for those afflicted. The 2006 chikungunya epidemic was worst in southern India. Dengue fever was reported in 24 of India's 34 states and 3 union territories in 2017. Among these states, the most cases were found: Bengal, Punjab, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala are the states in question. The four serotypes of dengue virus—DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4—are distributed throughout the nation, however their prevalence varies with the passage of time and geographical regions. The dengue and chikungunya vector mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, need to have their geographic distribution and seasonal variation recorded so that systematic surveillance, organisation, and implementation may be carried out. Consequently, the Public health officials may be able to prevent a dengue epidemic by monitoring the countries and state's endemic situation. An optimal strategy for dengue surveillance across the country and in endemic areas could involve mapping the seasonal fluctuation and spatial distribution of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus with the use of remote sensing and GIS technologies. This will make it easier for public health professionals to manage the epidemiological situation in the regions of the country where dengue is prevalent, as well as to plan, execute, and choose an appropriate control strategy for the preventative measures.