Nitrate Toxicity of Ground Water: Preventive & Mitigation Straegies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59436/jsiane.v6i2.3.2583-2093Keywords:
Nitrate contamination, Groundwater quality, Hydrogeochemistry, Human health risk, Eutrophication, Watershed managementAbstract
The issue of nitrate pollution of the Indian groundwater and surface waters is a complex socio-ecological crisis that is due to the intense use of fertilisers, wastewater discharge, and dramatic geo-heterogeneity. It is a critical review in the sense that it questions the provenance of nitrate, the hydrogeochemical regulation of its occurrences, the routes of its redox-based changes, and the spatiotemporal changes that take place under the condition of hydrology dominated by monsoons. Special focus is made on those dangers to human health linked to exposure to nitrates, including methemoglobinemia and endocrine disturbance, and the ecological implications, including eutrophication and loss of biodiversity. Forming a synthesis of the existing literature compares the existing monitoring networks, analytical methods, and modelling paradigms, thus identifying gaps in long-term datasets, understanding gaps in processes and an absence of integrated view of groundwater and surface-water regimes. The review completely searches mitigation measures on various scales, such as field-level measures and watershed-level interventions, and includes precision of nutrient control, high-quality treatment of wastewater, selective remediation of groundwater, and nature-based remedies. To conclude, the review indicates the main knowledge gaps and research requirements in the future and then provides the need to employ interdisciplinary, watershed-based structures and attain policy unity in order to achieve sustainable management of nitrogen and closing water resources across India
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