Chapter 13: THE SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF HEAVY METALS AND MICROPLASTICS ON FRESH WATER FISH HEALTH

Abstract

In developing countries , the combination of plastic & heavy metals is increasing high population density , rapid industrialization , poor waste management and urbanization which have placed serious stress on human and fishes health and the environment .(Microscopic plastic particles <5 mm to <8 mm ) Microplastics are having a severe and devastating impact on the health of freshwater fish. The synergistic effect of heavy metals and (MPs) microplastic on freshwater fish mainly creates a “ TROJAN HORSE” effect , where microplastic absorbs toxic metals ( e.g., Pb ,Cd,Cu ) and transport them into the fishes, mainly causing greater , combined toxicity than either pollutant alone. Studies in major INDIA rivers like the GANGAS and YAMUNA and other waterbodies have shown that microplastics are not only making fish sick and but also increasing their mortality rates.