A Review on Impact of Chemical Fertilizers and Insecticides on Earthworm Species
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59436/jsiane.v6i1.19.2583-2093Keywords:
Earthworm, chemical fertilizers, insecticides, soil ecology, agrochemicals, toxicity, biodiversity, soil healthAbstract
Earthworms are important components of terrestrial ecosystems and play fundamental roles in maintaining soil fertility, nutrient cycling, decomposition of organic matter, and regulation of soil structure. Earthworms are frequently considered ecosystem engineers because their activities significantly influence soil biological, chemical, and physical properties. Modern agricultural systems increasingly rely upon chemical fertilizers and insecticides to improve crop productivity and reduce pest-related losses. Although these agrochemicals contribute substantially to agricultural development, excessive and prolonged use has raised ecological concerns because of their adverse effects on non-target soil organisms, particularly earthworms. Exposure to chemical fertilizers and insecticides may influence survival, growth, reproduction, burrowing behavior, enzyme activity, and physiological processes in earthworms. Several studies have demonstrated that agrochemical residues can induce oxidative stress, tissue damage, neurotoxicity, reproductive abnormalities, and alterations in population dynamics. Such impacts may subsequently influence soil ecosystem functioning and biodiversity. The present review summarizes available information regarding the influence of chemical fertilizers and insecticides on earthworm species with emphasis on diversity, physiological responses, ecological implications, and environmental consequences. The review further discusses sustainable alternatives and future perspectives for minimizing adverse impacts on soil ecosystems.
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